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Paper.
Archaeologist Paolo Bernardini reinterprets the story of the Bronze Age and Iron

The traces of Mycenaean and Phoenician myth over the island of Sardinia

Sabato 27 febbraio 2010

N ell'antichità la Sardegna fu al centro di traffici e culture che si diffondevano per il Mediterraneo. Il mare (che non era ancora "nostrum") non fu una barriera per gli indigeni isolani. Al contrario fu come un'autostrada che inevitabilmente finiva per portare le navi sulle coste sarde. Una tappa obbligata che ebbe la stessa importanza di Creta, Cipro, delle isole egee, delle città di Turchia, Libano, Africa settentrionale. Gli antichi sardi non avevano paura del mare, così come li descrive la vecchia storiografia che li vedeva contadini e pastori costretti a prendere le armi per difendere il loro territorio by warlike peoples of the sea. Indeed, they themselves were skilled sailors and traders who fought the coast of Tuscany, Lazio, Sicily to go to Egypt and Turkey. They were, in fact, real actors in this millennium age of the Copper and Bronze Age civilization led to the Iron Age. The era that saw the legends of Hercules, the Tespiei, Ulysses and the characters sung by Homer, was also the heroes in Sardinia. On this there is no doubt. The problem is to understand who they were those "Sardinian" who received cultures from the sea and moved to other civilizations and that their expertise - as they say today - techniques in the processing of precious metals.
recent excavations A satisfactory response, however rough and still incomplete, comes from archeology and the interpretations of scholars on the basis of news emerged from the excavations in recent decades. The result of this work and a new reading of the ancient history of Sardinia comes from Paolo Bernardini, with the book "The towers, metals, and the sea" edited by Carlo Delfino. Former director of the National Archaeological Museum of Cagliari, Sassari University researcher specializing in the Phoenician-Punic, collected in 250 pages of beautiful volume summary of twenty years of study. The cut, although scientific citations and the wealth of documentation, is meant to be especially popular in an attempt to clarify on a matter which spans the millennium and in the fifteenth century BC. Beyond the myth reinforced by the older historiography, reconstructs the image of the island from 1500 until the settlement of the Carthaginians. Explore, ie, phases and complex questions that have divided scholars to date on the presence of different civilizations that are facing in Sardinia and on the role of these Sardinians. Starting with the question: Who were the inhabitants of the nuraghi?
JOURNEY Paolo Bernardini imagine embarking on a ship of antiquity and to take a trip along the routes of the Mediterranean. "Age-old routes, guardians of monsters and marvels, places of pitfalls, dangers and meraviglie, ma alla fine veicoli straordinari di incontro e di scambio culturale, di una crescita che è sempre mutamento e trasformazione», scrive Bernardini: «Dietro gli antichi e suggestivi nomei della Sardegna vive il ricordo di una storia complessa e stratificata di esplorazioni, commerci e relazioni che la ricerca archeologica inizia appena a intravvedere e che ha unito in modo profondo le diverse sponde e acque del Mediterraneo».
Nel corso di lontane e intricate vicende l'isola è Icnussa, l'orma lasciata da un dio, il cui perimetro è esplorato dai curiosi e intraprendenti fenici e greci. L'isola è Sardò, il nome della moglie di Tirreno, capostipite favoloso degli etruschi. Ma anche la terra dei Sherden, quei popoli of the sea fought as mercenaries in Egypt but also against the same side of the pharaohs. And yet the island is the land of legendary silver veins, Sardinia "argyròphleps. latter name evokes scenes of the western Mediterranean early centuries of the Iron Age, when the Phoenicians and the Greeks are intensely engaged in research and trading of metals, particularly silver.
Mycenaeans Bernardini highlights the strong presence of Mycenae on the island, spread along the coast but also inland where Greek traders pushed along the rivers and trails of the plains. The main documents are represented by fragments of pottery that allow experts grazie all'analisi dei materiali, ai colori e allo stile, di rincondurre al luogo di provenienza. Così troviamo testimonianze a Cabras, nel golfo di Palmas, a Pula, Tertenia, Orosei e soprattutto a Sarroch dove lo scavo del nuraghe Antigori (alle spalle della Saras) ha restituito grande abbondanza di ceramica micenea. Ma anche a Monastir, Sanluri, Barumini e più all'intero a Orroli. «Tra il 1300 e il 1050 avanti Cristo lo spessore dei contatti con i naviganti di cultura micenea è molto chiaro» sostiene l'archeologo. I greci interagiscono vivacemente con le popolazioni locali. Lo studio di questi reperti rivela la profondità e l'estensione dei legami tra la Sardegna e il mondo orientale ellenico e, attraverso Cipro e Creta, i contatti with cultures of the present regions of Turkey, Lebanon, Egypt, Libya and Tunisia. After the Mycenaeans came the Phoenicians. And the Etruscans in the Tyrrhenian Sea. And even after the Carthaginians. In the midst of the indigenous people who confront each other, interact, trade, united, are mixed. Surely they fought. Of course - explains Paolo Bernardini - is that these civilizations lived together in a mix of cultures, traditions, crafts and art, as reflected in stratigraphic investigations of archaeological sites and artifacts found in tombs. The story does not go forward in leaps and watertight compartments, but the times they happen continuously and civilizations come together.
Nuraghi "Although the origins of "società delle torri" sia ancora oggetto di accesi dibattiti, è ormai chiaro che il profilo socio-politico della Sardegna del XIV e del XIII secolo non ha niente da spartire con l'immagine convenzionale e artificiosa di comunità preistoriche prive di gerarchizzazione sociale e di controllo sui mezzi di produzione e destinate per questa loro natura di "buoni selvaggi" a divenire prede innocenti di evolute civiltà egee e orientali». Al contrario - è questo il convincimento di Bernardini - lo sviluppo delle grandi architetture e di una complessa esperienza tecnologica basata sulla lavorazione del bronzo parlano a favore di una società ben organizzata guidata da persone o gruppi leader che adottano sistemi di controllo del territorio, di gestione of resources and division of labor. Will this complexity and maturity of the local culture to attract the attention of the Eastern Aegean merchants.
Thus the island takes a considerable thickness in the Mycenaean sailing in the West, to Spain and the French coasts. At the same time ceramics produced by the inhabitants of the island nuragici circulating in stores Aegean, in Sicily, the Aeolian Islands, Crete and Cyprus. Sardinia becomes a vital crossroads between East and West of the circuit for the transmission and processing of metals, the main form of trade in those ages dawn of history.

Di CARLO FIGARI

http://giornaleonline.unionesarda.ilsole24ore.com/Articolo.aspx?Data=20100227&Categ=10&Voce=1&IdArticolo=2434667

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The aim and function of the Nuraghe Nuraghe Diana


Even today, after 3000 years of their construction, no one knows exactly the true function of Nuraghes.
Some argue that they are temples (Pittau), others that are astronomical, and others (wrongly in my opinion, at least in most cases) watch-towers, forts and ramparts. Among our most distinguished professors there who has elevated them to role-holding forts (Ugas), or fortified settlements (Lilliu).
Some people then, as our Prime Minister, who thought they were silos, warehouses and banks, once again confirming the strictly materialistic view of those who have established.
Sui Nuraghi (o Nuragi/Nurachi/Norachi/Noraxi/Nuraghes ecc) si sono costruite le teorie più assurde e fantasiose.
Da chi li vede come porte spazio/dimensionali (stargates!) a basi di atterraggio per gli Ufo (!) sino a chi li reputa costruiti da innominati giganti senza nome (non me ne voglia chi crede realmente a tutte queste ipotesi).
Rimanendo con i piedi per terra, c'è chi ha pronunciato teorie più "realistiche" ma non meno assurde di quelle sopraelencate.
Vista la brevità della trattazione non mi soffermerò sulle ipotesi (perchè in fin dei conti certezze ve ne son poche) sull'edificazione, modifica e sviluppo del "modello" del Nuraghe, accettando come base di studio il nuraghe monotorre truncated cone at a Tholos, or, exceptionally, two tholoi overlapping. Why
these incredible buildings and still escape with a rating? Why you can not understand their role, or at least the reason that prompted our primitive ancestors to their building?
theory Nuraghi-forts today is outdated, although it is still in vogue among some scholars and, of course dished up to the layman as "the most truthful" (if not the only one).
Il Nuraghe (at least in its simplest form) can not be a fortress.
Someone watching nuraghi bring them back immediately to the coastal towers, or castles of the Middle Ages. Nothing more
wrong. The Nuraghe
has no feature in common with these buildings if you do not (very distantly) in the form.
The notorious loopholes, described by archaeologists as "useful for the crossfire," or the "barrage" (words from the Second World War are more likely ...!) vents, light sources, or often willingly and some type of bond that still has to be analyzed archaeoastronomical case .
The small interior spaces (stairs, mezzanines, tholoi, niches) do not, often, more than a certain number of people to move freely without bumping into each other all the time. The lack of port makes
inutile il Nuraghe da un punto di vista difensivo, la posizione delle feritoie le rende assolutamente inutili per l'uso dell'arco, la ridottezza dello spazio non permette l'accumulo di grosse quantità di derrate alimentari, necessarie ad un gruppo umano stabile (nucleo familiare o guarnigione che sia) specialmente se sottoposto ad un assedio.
Il ridotto volume della struttura fà si che essa sia difficilmente difendibile da un attacco su più direzioni, senza contare che nel caso in cui i difensori avessero deciso di chiudersi nella "fortezza" per difenderla, le possibilità stesse di morire per fame, affumicamento o asfissia sarebbero state notevoli.
L'uso stesso delle murature, spesso ciclopiche (almeno alla base) non trova finding a possible use as a defensive tool of the Nuraghe. Two points
play against him:
1) The enormity of the effort to erect a similar structure
2) The time required to do so

The Supreme Nuraghic architecture developed construction of sublime grandeur, aimed towards the sky, but the Nuraghi are not just " piles of stones" (eresia!) as some have tried to translate the word "Nur" ... inside of them because, incredibly, there is a vacuum!
buildings are so advanced as to be able to continue to stand up even if, due to natural causes (fracturing the stone lodge of the roots of plants ... etc.) come down the wall, but a good half of it (with all due respect to those who continue to support the theory arc orizzonatale).

The use of such advanced architecture makes no sense in a model that includes the use of the same structure as "defensive" (from what?).
sixty or eighty years it was assumed that these were the massive walls to resist water hammer of the Phoenician-Punic invaders (and still talking about the fall of civilization Nuragica concurrently with this).
Nuraghi Today we know that were built around 1700-1200 BC or even 2000 BC ( Webster - Duos Nuraghes of Boroughbridge ). The period
Iron (I and II) and the more specifically "historical" in the Mediterranean dispute between Phoenicians and Greeks (with the Etruscans and Romans to follow) is already very late. As early as 1200 BC Nuraghi no longer build, change, perhaps even taken down to build villages set against the towers!
So to be clear, the so-called "Nuraghic" Understanding the Lilliu as unique and uniform over a thousand years (!) Has never existed.
To make a visual comparison, it is clear to all, the culture that has developed the statues of bronze and fine Monti Parma "Nuraghe" can no longer be considered contemporary building structures "Nuraghe" as such (unless you do not want to backdate bronzes and statues, as some are already planning to do).
The same people? Maybe. The same culture? Maybe not. The same "civilization of the stone towers"? Probably.
Sebra fact there is a continuity between the builders of the towers and their successors (but also interesting signs of discontinuity). It is not unusual to note the fact they are lavished to portray in bronze and betili a form that certainly was sacred to these people.
Nuraghe same.


End of the first part